The origins
The origins of the clear little water go back to the 9th century, so vodka would be much older than rum or whiskey. However, this cannot be proven in writing and the first official mention was in 1405 in the Kingdom of Poland. But the Russians also claim to be the inventors of vodka. However, the production was documented in writing only after the Poles.
The final authorship leaves some questions unanswered, and it is likely that vodka production only became established and developed over time. This process most likely occurred in several regions at the same time. Today, you can find vodka all over the world.
Russian vodka development
The Russians recognized the enormous sales potential of vodka very early on and imposed a monopoly on its production. Compared to beer, wine or kvass (a slightly alcoholic drink made from fermented bread), vodka was not integrated into people's daily lives and religion. Nevertheless, its consumption spread widely over time. In 1552, under Ivan the Terrible, the first drinking houses were opened in Moscow - so-called kabaks - to toast in his honor. Moreover, these houses were popular among philistines, who sought shelter there - even from the authorities - until they had squandered their last possessions. Due to the moderate success, the state monopoly on production was subsequently lifted entirely by Peter the Great. After that, production increased noticeably.
The heyday of Russian vodka began in 1765 under the reign of Catherine the Great. She allowed the production on the one hand to the state distilleries and on the other hand to the landed aristocracy for their own use as well as their peasantry. The nobility - for whom money was no object - distilled the best grain, while the peasants had to be satisfied with inferior grain for their daily bread. The first taste experiments with various herbs and fruits took place and were already exported in small quantities.
Despite the strict production rules, vodka was also distilled black, in rather poor quality. In combination with cheaply produced spirits from abroad, Russian producers had to lower their prices and, as a result, vodka quality also suffered. The state reacted to this unfortunate situation in 1890 with a renewed monopoly on the production of spirits. A "Vodka Committee" was established to ensure state vodka quality, and standardized production processes were introduced.